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All 10 Eras
Historical Epoch · 1750 CE – 1880 CE
Emancipation and Enlightenment (Haskalah)
השכלה ואמנציפציה
Entry into European civil society, civic emancipation, the Haskalah, religious reform, and early modern philosophy.
#11Tier I
Karl Marx
May 5, 1818 – March 14, 1883The philosopher, political economist, and social theorist whose critique of capitalism and theory of historical materialism transformed global politics, economics, and history in the 19th and 20th centuries.
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#27Tier II
Chaim Weizmann
1874 – 1952Israeli statesman and British chemist (1874–1952)
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#36Tier II
Martin Buber
1878 – 1965Austrian-Israeli philosopher (1878–1965)
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#38Tier II
Walter Benjamin
Historical –Pioneering contributor in Philosophy, Psychology & Social Theory whose work shaped human civilization and Jewish historical heritage.
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#63Tier II
David Ricardo
1772 – 1823British economist and politician (1772–1823)
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#79Tier II
Gustav Mahler
1860 – 1911Austro-Bohemian composer and conductor (1860–1911)
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#82Tier II
Felix Mendelssohn
1809 – 1847German composer (1809–1847)
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#86Tier II
Camille Pissarro
1830 – 1903Danish-French painter (1830–1903)
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#107Tier III
Nachman of Breslov
1772 – 1810Hasidic rabbi (1772–1810)
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#108Tier III
Menachem Mendel of Kotzk
1787 – 1859Polish rabbi
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#109Tier III
Giacomo Meyerbeer
1791 – 1864German-born opera composer (1791–1864)
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#110Tier III
Zacharias Frankel
1801 – 1875Bohemian-German rabbi and historian (1801–1875)
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#111Tier III
Samuel Holdheim
1806 – 1860German rabbi and author (1806-1860)
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#112Tier III
Yisrael Salanter
1809 – 1883Russian Jewish rabbi (1809–1883); father of the Musar movement
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#113Tier III
Abraham Geiger
1810 – 1874German rabbi and scholar (1810–1874)
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#114Tier III
Isaac Singer
1811 – 1875American inventor and businessman (1811–1875)
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#115Tier III
Moses Hess
1812 – 1875German-Jewish philosopher and socialist (1812–1875)
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#116Tier III
Isaac Mayer Wise
1819 – 1900American rabbi, editor and author (1819–1900)
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#117Tier III
Azriel Hildesheimer
1820 – 1899German Orthodox rabbi (1820–1899)
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#118Tier III
Leon Pinsker
1821 – 1891Jewish scholar and writer (1821–1891)
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#119Tier III
Solomon Schechter
1847 – 1915Moldavian-born rabbi and scholar (1847–1915)
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#120Tier III
Emma Lazarus
1849 – 1887American poet (1849–1887)
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#121Tier III
Max Nordau
1849 – 1923Zionist leader, physician, author, and social critic (1849–1923)
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#122Tier III
Emile Berliner
1851 – 1929German-born American inventor (1851–1929)
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#123Tier III
David Wolffsohn
1855 – 1914Zionist activist (1855–1914)
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#124Tier III
Ahad Ha'am
1856 – 1927Hebrew-language essayist, poet, and critic of early Zionism (1856-1927)
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#125Tier III
Eliezer Ben-Yehuda
1858 – 1922Jewish linguist and journalist (1858–1922)
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#126Tier III
Nahum Sokolow
1859 – 1936Hebrew journalist, editor, essayist, and political leader (1859–1936)
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#127Tier III
Israel Zangwill
1864 – 1926British author (1864–1926)
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#128Tier III
Abraham Isaac Kook
1865 – 1935Chief rabbi of British Mandatory Palestine (1865–1935)
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#129Tier III
Lillian Wald
1867 – 1940American nurse, activist, and author (1867–1940)
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#130Tier III
Felix Hausdorff
1868 – 1942German mathematician (1868–1942)
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#131Tier III
Emma Goldman
1869 – 1940Russian-born anarchist (1869–1940)
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#132Tier III
Alfred Adler
1870 – 1937Austrian psychotherapist (1870–1937)
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#133Tier III
Rosa Luxemburg
1871 – 1919Polish-German Marxist revolutionary (1871–1919)
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#134Tier III
Léon Blum
1872 – 1950French politician (1872–1950)
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#135Tier III
Haim Nahman Bialik
1873 – 1934Hebrew poet, author, and editor (1873–1934)
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#136Tier III
Stephen S. Wise
1874 – 1949Hungarian-American Reform rabbi (1874–1949)
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#137Tier III
Maxim Litvinov
1876 – 1951Soviet diplomat and foreign minister (1876–1951)
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#138Tier III
Arthur Ruppin
1876 – 1943German-Jewish Zionist (1876–1943)
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#139Tier III
Judah Magnes
1877 – 1948Jewish rabbi (1877-1948)
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#140Tier III
Yitzhak Gruenbaum
1879 – 1970Zionist leader among the Polish Jewry (1879–1970)
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#141Tier III
Pinhas Rutenberg
1879 – 1942Russian-Jewish engineer (1879–1942)
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#142Tier III
Leon Trotsky
1879 – 1940Soviet politician and revolutionary (1879–1940)
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#143Tier III
Ze'ev Jabotinsky
1880 – 1940Russian Revisionist Zionist leader (1880–1940)
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#144Tier III
Joseph Trumpeldor
1880 – 1920Russian Zionist activist (1880–1920)
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#145Tier III
Ernest Bloch
1880 – 1959Swiss-born American composer (1880–1959)
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#226Tier III
Abraham Joshua Heschel
Historical –American rabbi, theologian, and philosopher
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#236Tier III
Samson Raphael Hirsch
Historical –19th century German Jewish theologian
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#256Tier IV
Aharon Kotler
Historical –American rabbi; founder of Beth Medrash Govoha
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#290Tier IV
Henri Bergson
Historical –Pioneering contributor in Philosophy, Psychology & Social Theory whose work shaped human civilization and Jewish historical heritage.
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#357Tier IV
Edmund Husserl
Historical –Pioneering contributor in Philosophy, Psychology & Social Theory whose work shaped human civilization and Jewish historical heritage.
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#378Tier IV
Karl Popper
Historical –Pioneering contributor in Philosophy, Psychology & Social Theory whose work shaped human civilization and Jewish historical heritage.
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#720Tier V
Ernst Bloch
Historical –Pioneering contributor in Philosophy, Psychology & Social Theory whose work shaped human civilization and Jewish historical heritage.
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#745Tier V
Hermann Cohen
Historical –Pioneering contributor in Philosophy, Psychology & Social Theory whose work shaped human civilization and Jewish historical heritage.
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#803Tier V
Joseph B. Soloveitchik
Historical –American Orthodox rabbi, Talmudist, and modern Jewish philosopher
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#818Tier V
Herbert Marcuse
Historical –Pioneering contributor in Philosophy, Psychology & Social Theory whose work shaped human civilization and Jewish historical heritage.
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#819Tier V
Ludwig Wittgenstein
Historical –Pioneering contributor in Philosophy, Psychology & Social Theory whose work shaped human civilization and Jewish historical heritage.
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#832Tier V
Ovadia Yosef
Historical –Talmudic scholar, posek and Sephardi Chief Rabbi of Israel from 1973 to 1983
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