1K
Loading Reference Work…
All 10 Eras
Historical Epoch · 1750 CE – 1880 CE
Emancipation and Enlightenment (Haskalah)
השכלה ואמנציפציה
Entry into European civil society, civic emancipation, the Haskalah, religious reform, and early modern philosophy.
#11Tier I
Karl Marx
May 5, 1818 – March 14, 1883The philosopher, political economist, and social theorist whose critique of capitalism and theory of historical materialism transformed global politics, economics, and history in the 19th and 20th centuries.
Read Profile →
#27Tier II
Chaim Weizmann
1874 – 1952Israeli statesman and British chemist (1874–1952)
Read Profile →
#36Tier II
Martin Buber
1878 – 1965Austrian-Israeli philosopher (1878–1965)
Read Profile →
#38Tier II
Walter Benjamin
Historical –Pioneering contributor in Philosophy, Psychology & Social Theory whose work shaped human civilization and Jewish historical heritage.
Read Profile →
#63Tier II
David Ricardo
1772 – 1823British economist and politician (1772–1823)
Read Profile →
#79Tier II
Gustav Mahler
1860 – 1911Austro-Bohemian composer and conductor (1860–1911)
Read Profile →
#82Tier II
Felix Mendelssohn
1809 – 1847German composer (1809–1847)
Read Profile →
#86Tier II
Camille Pissarro
1830 – 1903Danish-French painter (1830–1903)
Read Profile →
#107Tier III
Nachman of Breslov
1772 – 1810Hasidic rabbi (1772–1810)
Read Profile →
#108Tier III
Menachem Mendel of Kotzk
1787 – 1859Polish rabbi
Read Profile →
#109Tier III
Giacomo Meyerbeer
1791 – 1864German-born opera composer (1791–1864)
Read Profile →
#110Tier III
Zacharias Frankel
1801 – 1875Bohemian-German rabbi and historian (1801–1875)
Read Profile →
#111Tier III
Samuel Holdheim
1806 – 1860German rabbi and author (1806-1860)
Read Profile →
#112Tier III
Yisrael Salanter
1809 – 1883Russian Jewish rabbi (1809–1883); father of the Musar movement
Read Profile →
#113Tier III
Abraham Geiger
1810 – 1874German rabbi and scholar (1810–1874)
Read Profile →
#114Tier III
Isaac Singer
1811 – 1875American inventor and businessman (1811–1875)
Read Profile →
#115Tier III
Moses Hess
1812 – 1875German-Jewish philosopher and socialist (1812–1875)
Read Profile →
#116Tier III
Isaac Mayer Wise
1819 – 1900American rabbi, editor and author (1819–1900)
Read Profile →
#117Tier III
Azriel Hildesheimer
1820 – 1899German Orthodox rabbi (1820–1899)
Read Profile →
#118Tier III
Leon Pinsker
1821 – 1891Jewish scholar and writer (1821–1891)
Read Profile →
#119Tier III
Solomon Schechter
1847 – 1915Moldavian-born rabbi and scholar (1847–1915)
Read Profile →
#120Tier III
Emma Lazarus
1849 – 1887American poet (1849–1887)
Read Profile →
#121Tier III
Max Nordau
1849 – 1923Zionist leader, physician, author, and social critic (1849–1923)
Read Profile →
#122Tier III
Emile Berliner
1851 – 1929German-born American inventor (1851–1929)
Read Profile →
#123Tier III
David Wolffsohn
1855 – 1914Zionist activist (1855–1914)
Read Profile →
#124Tier III
Ahad Ha'am
1856 – 1927Hebrew-language essayist, poet, and critic of early Zionism (1856-1927)
Read Profile →
#125Tier III
Eliezer Ben-Yehuda
1858 – 1922Jewish linguist and journalist (1858–1922)
Read Profile →
#126Tier III
Nahum Sokolow
1859 – 1936Hebrew journalist, editor, essayist, and political leader (1859–1936)
Read Profile →
#127Tier III
Israel Zangwill
1864 – 1926British author (1864–1926)
Read Profile →
#128Tier III
Abraham Isaac Kook
1865 – 1935Chief rabbi of British Mandatory Palestine (1865–1935)
Read Profile →
#129Tier III
Lillian Wald
1867 – 1940American nurse, activist, and author (1867–1940)
Read Profile →
#130Tier III
Felix Hausdorff
1868 – 1942German mathematician (1868–1942)
Read Profile →
#131Tier III
Emma Goldman
1869 – 1940Russian-born anarchist (1869–1940)
Read Profile →
#132Tier III
Alfred Adler
1870 – 1937Austrian psychotherapist (1870–1937)
Read Profile →
#133Tier III
Rosa Luxemburg
1871 – 1919Polish-German Marxist revolutionary (1871–1919)
Read Profile →
#134Tier III
Léon Blum
1872 – 1950French politician (1872–1950)
Read Profile →